With the continuous expansion of the development scale of urban underground space, the blasting vibration control of tunnel engineering has become a key issue affecting the safety of the surrounding environment. In order to improve the level of fine control of blasting, the underground excavation station project of Chongqing Line 17 is taken as the background. By carrying out on-site single-hole and double-hole blasting vibration monitoring, combined with ANSYS/LS-DYNA fluid-solid coupling numerical simulation method, the influence mechanism of single-hole multi-stage blocking charge structure on blasting vibration response and flying rock control is systematically studied. The results show that: The optimal delay time between holes of sand-mudstone interbed in Chongqing is determined to be 17 ms by time history superposition analysis, which can realize vibration wave interference and vibration reduction, and reduce the peak vibration velocity of double-hole blasting by about 10%. The numerical simulation reveals the influence of the blockage length on the stress field and damage distribution in the near area of the borehole. The optimal blockage length is determined to be 80 cm. At this time, the maximum effective stress at the orifice is 6.37 MPa, which is lower than the dynamic tensile strength of sandstone and can effectively inhibit the generation of flying stones. The multi-stage blocking charge structure disperses the concentrated energy release into multiple pulses through segmented delay initiation, which significantly optimizes the stress propagation and energy utilization efficiency. Under the three-stage blocking condition, the maximum particle size of blasting is reduced by 47.7%, and the flying stone distance is reduced by 42.9%. The single-hole multi-stage blocking charge structure can significantly improve the blasting safety and refinement level under the premise of constant total charge, and provide an important basis for blasting design and construction in complex urban environment.