Driven by global digital transformation and the “dual-carbon” objectives, underground data centers have emerged as a critical development direction for new digital infrastructure, leveraging their advantages in energy efficiency and operational stability. Currently constructed underground data centers worldwide can be categorized into newly-built facilities and retrofitted existing caverns, with the former focusing on natural cooling utilization and geological stability, while the latter achieves resource recycling through upgrading existing underground spaces. Key technical challenges influencing the industry's development include site selection planning, construction/operation methodologies, and thermal management with waste heat recovery. For site selection planning, a comprehensive evaluation of geological conditions, energy supply, and disaster risks is essential. Regarding construction and operation, emphasis should be placed on rapid retrofitting of existing spaces, modular installation, and integration with intelligent maintenance technologies. In terms of thermal management and waste heat utilization, the implementation of zero-carbon operation requires green energy supply combined with efficient cooling systems and heat recovery management. Drawing upon international case studies, this paper proposes policy recommendations, primary development models, and key technological breakthroughs for China's underground data center sector. Looking forward, underground data centers will establish a sustainable “green-safe-smart” trinity paradigm through coordinated policy support, technological innovation, and scenario applications.
Bai Dongfeng
,
Yao Hongzhi
,
Nie Shanjun
,
Guo Tengfei
,
Shi Baotong
. Global Practices and Development Prospects of Underground Data Centers[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2025
, 21(S2)
: 554
-561
.
DOI: 10.20174/j.JUSE.2025.S2.03
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