Loess cave dwellings is a residential building with local characteristics in northwest China. In order to explore the influence of loess rainfall infiltration on the water migration law and stability of cave dwellings, the loess of an abandoned cave dwelling in the suburbs of Yan'an was selected as the research object, and indoor experiments were carried out to obtain the soil-water characteristics and unsaturated shear strength of loess. The COMSOL finite element software was used to establish the cave dwelling model, analyze the water migration law and stability changes of the cave dwelling under rainfall conditions, and explore the effects of factors such as rainfall duration, rainfall intensity and rainfall type on the moisture field and stability of cave dwelling. The results show that: Rainfall infiltration leads to a sharp increase in the water content of the soil covering the cave dwelling, moisture continues to accumulate around and the arch of cave dwelling which result in a continuous decrease in the safety factor of the cave dwelling. The greater the duration and intensity of rainfall, the greater the decrease of safety factor. Compared with long-term weak rainfall, short-term heavy rainfall had a greater impact on the moisture distribution of deep soil in cave dwelling, and the stability of cave dwelling decreased sharply in a short time. The change of safety factor of the cave dwelling lags behind the rainfall process. The vertical displacement generated by the forward type rainfall is the largest, and the decrease in the safety factor of the cave dwelling is also the largest. But the safety factor of the peak rainfall after the rainfall is the smallest, which is the most unfavorable to the stability of the cave dwelling.
Hu Mengling
,
Xu Wenhao
,
Zhang Xiaolong
,
Wang Zhiwen
,
Chen Hao
. Study on Humidity Field Variation and Stability of Loess Cave Dwellings under Rainfall[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2025
, 21(3)
: 1066
-1075
.
DOI: 10.20174/j.JUSE.2025.03.36
[1] 廖红建, 赵树德, 高小育, 等. 西部黄土高原窑洞民居发展中的环境工程问题[J]. 西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2000,20(3): 7-11. (Liao Hongjian, Zhao Shude, Gao Xiaoyu, et al. Environmental engineering problems in the developing loess plateau cave dwellings in western Areas[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Social Sciences), 2000,20(3): 7-11. (in Chinese))
[2] 季永鑫. 渭北永寿县等驾坡传统下沉式窑洞聚落保护与更新研究[D]. 西安:西安建筑科技大学,2011. (Ji Yongxin. Research on the protection and renewal of the traditional sank cave-house gatherings in Dengjiapo village Yongshou Xian in Weibei Area[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2011. (in Chinese))
[3] TokonamI S, Sun Q, Akiba S. Radon and thoron exposures for cave residents in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces [J]. Radiation Research, 2004, 162(4): 390-396.
[4] 王梅. 中国湿陷性黄土的结构性研究[D]. 太原:太原理工大学,2010. (Wang Mei. Study on structure of collapsible loess in China. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Technology, 2010. (in Chinese))
[5] Wang G L, Li T L, Xing X L, et al. Research on loess flow-slides induced by rainfall in July 2013 in Yan' an, NW China [J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2014, 73(12): 7933-7944
[6] 肖云飞,张晨,徐辉,等.成对节理对废弃黄土窑洞边坡稳定性的影响[J]. 科学技术与工程,2021,21(32): 13808-13816. (Xiao Yunfei, Zhang Chen, Xu Hui, et al. Influence of paired joints on slope stability of abandoned loess cave[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21(32): 13808-13816. (in Chinese))
[7] 马健伟. 山西省黄土窑洞典型破坏特征及加固技术研究[D]. 太原:太原理工大学,2021. (Ma Jianwei. Research on typical damage characteristics and reinforcement technology of loess cave dwellings in Shanxi Province[D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Technology, 2021. (in Chinese))
[8] 薛建阳,赵湘璧,张风亮,等.下沉式黄土窑洞结构模型振动台试验研究[J]. 建筑结构学报,2021,42(3): 14-23. (Xue Jianyang, Zhao Xiangbi, Zhang Fengliang et al. Shaking table test on model structure of underground loess cave [J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2021, 42(3): 14-23. (in Chinese))
[9] 刘祥,苏生瑞,肖云飞.白鹿塬西南废弃黄土窑洞边坡破坏机理研究[J]. 河北工程大学学报(自然科学版),2020,37(3): 91-97. (Liu Yang, Su Shengrui, Xiao Yunfei. Study on the failure mechanism of abandoned loess cave slopes in southwest of Bailu Plateau[J]. Journal of Hebei University of Engineering(Natural Science Edition), 2020, 37(3): 91-97. (in Chinese))
[10] 韩佳明,苏三庆. 降雨入渗下渭北地坑黄土窑洞稳定性分析[J]. 建筑科学与工程学报,2012,29(3): 104-110. (Han Jiaming, Su Sanqing. Stability analysis of Weibei pitted loess cave dwellings in rainfall infiltration[J]. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2012,29(3): 104-110. (in Chinese))
[11] 刘永涛,李宗利. 降水入渗对黄土窑洞稳定性的影响[J]. 人民黄河,2010,32(5): 98-100. (Liu Yongli, Li Zongli. Effect of precipitation infiltration on the stability of loess caves[J]. Yellow River, 2010,32(5): 98-100. (in Chinese))
[12] Bear J. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media[M]. New York:American elsevier publishing company, inc., 1988.
[13] Bear J. Hydraulics of groundwater[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1979.
[14] COMSOLInc. COMSOL Multiphysics User's Guide, Version 5.3[M]. Burlington, Massachusetts, USA: COMSOL Inc, 2014.
[15] Gan J, Fredlund D G, Rahardjo H. Determination of the shear strength parameters of an unsaturated soil using the direct shear test[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1988, 25(3): 500-510.
[16] 侯继尧. 中国窑洞[M]. 郑州: 河南科学技术出版社,1999. (Hou Jiyao. Chinese caves[M]. Zhengzhou: Henan Science and Technology Press, 1999. (in Chinese))
[17] 杨国强,陶虎,雷少伟,等. 不同雨型条件下非饱和土边坡渗流及稳定分析[J]. 水电能源科学,2022,40(6): 166-170. (Yang Guoqiang, Tao Hu, Lei Shaowei et al. Analysis of seepage and stability of unsaturated soil slope under different rainfall patterns[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2022,40(6): 166-170. (in Chinese))
