随着公路向山区延伸,会不可避免地出现隧道形式的匝道,匝道隧道作为一种特殊形式的隧道,其安全问题既涉及物理层面的线性(半径、曲率)、速度等,又涉及黑白洞效应下的一系列视觉功效问题。为探究匝道隧道线形对驾驶安全的影响,基于驾驶者的信息感知特性,通过实车试验,采集驾驶者在隧道行驶过程中的注视偏差、平均注视持续时间、眨眼频率、扫视幅度和扫视速度等关键视觉指标,基于因子分析法建立综合多视觉指标的驾驶安全度模型,由此评判匝道隧道行车安全风险,并结合XGBOOST-SHAP,揭示了匝道隧道不同物理量对匝道隧道驾驶安全的影响。结果表明:扫视速度和垂直注视偏差对驾驶安全度影响最大,水平注视偏差和平均注视时间次之,眨眼频率和扫视幅度影响幅度最小;隧道入口段因“黑洞效应”驾驶安全度降至最低值0.07,线形参数与动态光环境交互主导安全度变异,其中曲率参数(SHAP值0.43)和路面照度变化率(SHAP值0.35)共同解释72%的安全度波动,而设计速度参数影响权重仅11%。
With the extension of highways to mountainous areas, ramp tunnels have inevitably emerged. Ramp tunnels, as a special type of tunnel structure, present unique safety concerns that involve both physical factors such as linear characteristics (radius, curvature), and speed-related aspects. Additionally, visual challenges are caused by the black–white hole effect. Consequently, research on driving safety within ramp tunnels remains insufficient. In order to explore the influence of ramp tunnel alignment on driving safety, based on the driver's information perception characteristics, key visual indicators, including fixation deviation, average fixation duration, blink frequency, saccade amplitude, and saccade speed, were collected through real-vehicle experiments. To establish a comprehensive driving safety model based on factor analysis and multiple visual indicators, and to evaluate the driving safety risks in ramp tunnels, and factor analysis method was used to quantify the driving safety, and combined with XGBOOST-SHAP, the influence of different physical quantities of ramp tunnel on ramp tunnel driving safety was revealed. The results show that: Saccade speed and vertical fixation deviation have the greatest influence on driving safety, followed by horizontal fixation deviation and average fixation time, and blink frequency and saccade amplitude have the least influence. The driving safety of the tunnel entrance section is reduced to the minimum value of 0.07 due to the ‘black hole effect ’. The interaction between the linear parameters and the dynamic light environment dominates the safety variation. The curvature parameter (SHAP value 0.43) and the road illumination change rate (SHAP value 0.35) jointly explain 72% of the safety fluctuation, while the influence weight of the design speed parameter is only 11%.
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