为了提高地下停车场火灾中人车混行疏散的安全性和高效性,采用Python语言构建基于元胞自动机的背景场模型,加入PyroSim模拟的火灾场数据,得到火灾与人车混行疏散动态耦合模型。以西安某商业综合体地下停车场为研究对象,开展人车混行疏散仿真模拟实验。结果表明:相较于行人疏散,人车混行的必需安全疏散时间延长了20%~130%,仅在一定的行人密度和车位占用率下才能实现安全疏散;行人密度较大时会在出口产生拱形效应,同时降低行人和车辆的疏散效率;车辆疏散失败的概率约为行人的22倍,行人即使成功疏散至出口,依然有15%~25%存在不同程度受伤,重伤和濒死人数比例与疏散行人密度呈正相关。研究结果可为地下停车场防火设计优化和人车疏散预案制定提供参考依据。
In order to enhance the safety and efficiency of pedestrian-vehicle evacuation in underground parking lot fires, a background field model based on cellular automata is constructed using Python. The model incorporates fire field data of the PyroSim simulation to create a dynamic coupling model of fire and pedestrian-vehicle evacuation. A simulation study is conducted in the underground parking lot of a commercial complex in Xi'an. The results show that, compared to pedestrian evacuation, the Required Safety Egress Time (RSET) for pedestrian-vehicle evacuation is extended by 20% to 130%. Safe evacuation is only achievable under specific conditions of pedestrian density and parking space occupancy. The arch effect is observed at the exit when pedestrian density is high, which reduces the evacuation efficiency of both pedestrians and vehicles. The probability of vehicle evacuation failure is approximately 22 times higher than that of pedestrians. Even if pedestrians successfully reach the exit, 15% to 25% still suffer from varying degrees of injury, with the proportion of serious injuries and near-death cases positively correlated with the pedestrian evacuation density. These findings can serve as a reference for optimizing fire protection design in underground parking lots and formulating evacuation plans for both people and vehicles.
[1] 颜春萍, 颜向农.FDS+Evac人员疏散模拟软件的理论探析与实战技巧[J].消防技术与产品信息, 2008(7): 8-12.(Yan Chunping, Yan Xiangnong.Theoretical analysis and practical skills of FDS+Evac evacuation simulation software[J].Fire Technology and Product Information, 2008(7): 8-12.(in Chinese))
[2] 李聪, 孙会君, 薄颖, 等.高海拔复杂艰险山区铁路隧道在火灾场景下的行人疏散仿真[J].铁道运输与经济, 2022, 44(2): 108-115.(Li Cong, Sun Huijun, Bo Ying, et al.Simulation of pedestrian evacuation in a high-altitude complex and dangerous mountain railroad tunnel under fire scenario[J].Railway Transportation and Economy, 2022, 44(2): 108-115.(in Chinese))
[3] 郑冠霞, 杨漪, 赵舒野, 等.大型商业综合体火灾烟气及疏散模拟[J].西安科技大学学报, 2022, 42(4): 655-663.(Zheng Guanxia, Yang Yi, Zhao Shuye, et al.Simulation of fire smoke and evacuation in a large commercial complex[J].Chinese Journal of Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 2022, 42(4): 655-663.(in Chinese))
[4] 赵丹, 郭志国, 刘超时, 等.高速公路隧道火灾应急疏散模拟与策略[J].地下空间与工程学报, 2023, 19(6): 2072-2080, 2089.(Zhao Dan, Guo Zhiguo, Liu Chaoshi, et al.Research on Simulation and strategy of Fire Emergency Evacuation in Highway Tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2023, 19(6): 2072-2080, 2089.(in Chinese))
[5] Shi J Y, Ren A Z, Chen C.Agent-based evacuation model of large public buildings under fire conditions[J].Automation in Construction, 2009,18: 338-347.
[6] Zheng Y, Jia B, Li X G, et al.Evacuation dynamics considering pedestrians' movement behavior change with fire and smoke spreading[J].Safety Science, 2017(92): 180-189.
[7] 李超, 李宇飞, 霍非舟, 等.基于FDS和元胞自动机动态耦合的火灾疏散模型[J].计算机应用研究, 2022, 39(9): 2768-2772.(Li Chao, Li Yufei, Huo Feizhou, et al.A fire evacuation model based on dynamic coupling of FDS and metacellular automata[J].Computer Application Research, 2022, 39(9): 2768-2772.(in Chinese))
[8] Zhang X, Chang G L.Cellular automata-based model for simulating vehicular-pedestrian mixed flows in a congested Network[J].Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011(2234): 116-124.
[9] Chao Q W, Deng Z G, Jin X G.Vehicle-pedestrian interaction for mixed traffic simulation[J].Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 2015, 26(3-4): 405-412.
[10] 宗欣露.多目标人车混合时空疏散模型研究[D].武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2011.(Zong Xinlu.Multi-objective human-vehicle hybrid spatial and temporal evacuation modeling[D].Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2011.(in Chinese))
[11] 李思寰, 陈钢铁.灾害大规模混合应急疏散研究[J].中国安全科学学报, 2012, 22(12): 133-137.(Li Sihuan, Chen Gangtie.Research on large-scale hybrid emergency evacuation for disasters[J].China Safety Science Journal, 2012, 22(12): 133-137.(in Chinese))
[12] 李秋萍, 栾学晨, 周素红, 等.利用反向流和冲突消除进行人车混行疏散路网优化[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2018, 43(3): 349-355.(Li Qiuping, Luan Xuechen, Zhou Suhong, et al.Optimization of pedestrian-vehicle mixed evacuation road network using reverse flow and conflict elimination[J].Chinese Journal of Wuhan University (Information Science Edition), 2018, 43(3): 349-355.(in Chinese))
[13] 薄杰.基于元胞自动机原理的商用地下停车场人车混行仿真模拟方法研究[D].西安: 长安大学, 2021.(Bo Jie.Research on simulation method of pedestrian-vehicle mixing in commercial underground parking lot based on the principle of cellular automata[D].Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2021.(in Chinese))
[14] Nagel K,Schreckenberg M.A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic[J].Journal de Physique I, 1992, 2(12): 2221-2229.
[15] 中国标准化研究院.中国成年人人体尺寸(GB/T 10000-2023)[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2023.(China National Institute of Standardization.Human dimensions of Chinese adults(GB/T 10000-2023)[S].Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2023.(in Chinese))
[16] Australian Building Codes Board.Australian Fire Engineering Guidelines[S].https://www.abcb.gov.au,/Resources/Publications/Fire-Safety/Fire-Engineering-Guidelines.2021.
[17] 王星, 屈建荣, 夏永旭, 等.单洞双向公路隧道火灾人员疏散救援研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2020,16(3):944-954.(Wang Xing, Qu Jianrong, Xia Yongxu, et al.Research on fire evacuation and rescue in single-bore bidirectional highway tunnels[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2020, 16(3): 944-954.(in Chinese))
[18] 惠豫川,肖益民,黄浩天,等.单向长隧道极端条件下火灾安全疏散研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2020,16(6):1826-1835,1848.(Hui Yuchuan,Xiao Yimin,Huang Haotian,et al.Research on fire safety evacuation in unidirectional and long tunnel under extreme conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2020,16(6):1826-1835,1848.(in Chinese))
[19] 孙峰,夏立群,陆扬帆,等.地下交通广场消防设计策略研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2024,20(增2):767-773.(Sun Feng,Xia Liqun,Lu Yangfan,et al.Study on fire protection design strategy of underground traffic square[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2024,20(Supp.2):767-773.(in Chinese))
[20] Bisby L.SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering,fifth edition[M].Springer: New York,2016.
[21] 王志刚.地下大型商场火灾时期人员疏散性状模拟与预测[J].消防技术与产品信息, 2001(2): 22-26.(Wang Zhigang.Simulation and prediction of evacuation characteristics during fire in large underground shopping centers[J].Fire Protection Technology and Product Information, 2001(2): 22-26.(in Chinese))
[22] 公安部消防局.消防产品现场检查判定规则(GA 588-2012)[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2012.(Fire Department of Ministry of public security.Rules for field inspection and judgement of fire products(GA 588-2012)[S].Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2012.(in Chinese))
[23] 左粮瑜.公共空间人群聚集风险量化评估及空间优化策略研究[D].重庆: 重庆大学, 2019.(Zuo Liangyu.Research on quantitative assessment of crowd gathering risk in public space and spatial optimization strategy[D].Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2019.(in Chinese))
