防灾与环境

黏土化蚀变岩隧洞开挖风险识别与防控策略

  • 杜立兵 ,
  • 林鹏 ,
  • 陈涛 ,
  • 夏勇 ,
  • 刘元广
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  • 1.清华大学 水利水电工程系,北京 100084;
    2.西南石油大学 地球科学与技术学院,成都 610500;
    3.四川华能泸定水电有限公司,四川 泸定 626100;
    4.中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,成都 610072;
    5.西藏自治区水风光储能源技术创新中心,拉萨, 850000;
    6.中国水利水电第十一工程局有限公司,郑州 450001
杜立兵 (1988—),男,成都人,博士,讲师,主要从事地下空间开挖稳定与灾害防治的科研与教学。E-mail:dulibing0622@swpu.edu.cn
林鹏(1972—),男,北京人,博士,教授,主要从事岩石力学与工程,水工结构和智能建造教学与科研。E-mail: celinpe@tsinghua.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2025-02-12

  网络出版日期: 2025-10-17

基金资助

国家自然科学青年基金(42307265);华能集团总部科技项目(HNKJ23-HF44);西藏自治区清洁能源科技重大专项(XZ202201ZD0003G);中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司科技项目(CD2C20231161);中国水电坦桑尼亚julius nyerere水电站施工关键技术研究科技成果咨询服务(SHC-JNHPP-JSFW-01-18012022)

Risk Identification and Reinforcement Strategy for Tunnel Excavation in Clay Altered Rock

  • Du Libing ,
  • Lin Peng ,
  • Chen Tao ,
  • Xia Yong ,
  • Liu Yuanguang
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  • 1. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China;
    2. School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P.R. China;
    3. Sichuan Huaneng Luding Hydropower Co., Ltd., Luding, Sichuan 626100, P.R. China;
    4. Hydro China Chengdu Engineering Corporation, Chengdu 610072, P.R. China;
    5. Technological Innovation Center of Hydropower, Wind, Solar and Energy Storage of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, P.R. China;
    6. SinoHydro Bureau 11 Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R. China

Received date: 2025-02-12

  Online published: 2025-10-17

摘要

长期构造和热液共同作用产生的黏土化蚀变岩隧洞开挖灾害频发,风险识别和灾害防控困难。针对以上难题,首先整理了12个国内典型黏土化蚀变岩隧洞开挖案例,分析发现:黏土化蚀变岩根据空间分布形式,可以分为岩脉型、全断面型、囊状型三类,其中岩脉型塌方掉块频繁;全断面型软岩大变形严重,易恶化产生关门式塌方;囊状型易塌方,富水条件下易突泥涌水。提出了三类蚀变岩的风险识别方法:基于蚀变带宽度、密度,以及与隧洞轴向夹角识别岩脉型风险;基于围岩充分水解产物提出整体蚀变度,进行全断面型风险识别;基于囊状岩腔填充类型识别囊状型风险。研究表明黏土蚀变岩带是优良的水运移通道和地下水储集带,水-力耦合下开挖风险加剧,为此需结合超前物探、钻探预先理清地下水发育规律,并采用超前截防排水、加强支护、二衬紧跟的支护原则降低开挖风险。研究成果可为黏土化蚀变岩隧洞开挖风险识别与防控提供科学依据。

本文引用格式

杜立兵 , 林鹏 , 陈涛 , 夏勇 , 刘元广 . 黏土化蚀变岩隧洞开挖风险识别与防控策略[J]. 地下空间与工程学报, 2025 , 21(5) : 1815 -1824 . DOI: 10.20174/j.JUSE.2025.05.37

Abstract

The excavation of tunnels in clay-altered rocks, formed through long-term geological and hydrothermal interactions, often results in disasters. It is challenging to identify and prevent these disasters during the excavation in clay-altered rock. To address these challenges, this study first analyzes 12 typical tunnel cases in clay-altered rock. The results reveal that clay-altered rocks can be classified into three types: vein-type, full-section-type, and pocket-type. Collapse incidents are prone in vein-type altered rock. Excavation in full-section-type rock exhibits substantial deformation of soft rock, easily leading to tunnel blockage caused by catastrophic collapse. The pocket-type is prone to large collapses and may encounter water and mud/rock inrush disasters when groundwater is abundant. Subsequently, methods for risk identification of the three types of altered rocks are proposed. Risk identification for vein-type rocks is based on the width, density, and angle with the tunnel axis of the alteration zone. The Global Altered Index (GAI) is proposed from the thorough hydration products of surrounding rocks and is used for risk identification of full-section-type rock. Risk identification for pocket-type rocks relate the filling material in pocket-like rock cavities. Clay-altered rock zones serve as excellent water transportation channels and water storage zones. Risks are exacerbated by the hydro-mechanical coupling mechanism in altered rock. Advanced geophysical exploration combined with borehole exploration can effectively prevent excavation risks. Proactive drainage, strong support, and closely following the second lining are essential for the smooth excavation process. The research results provide a scientific basis and technical support for the identification and prevention of risks associated with tunnel excavation in clay-altered and weathered rock formations.

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